SB 


C7 

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Cooke,  Matthew  &  Son* 

Natural  history  and  hab 
of  the  codling  moth... 


UC-NRLF 


sn 


UNIVERSITY  FARM 


FOR  GRATUITOUS  DISTRIBUTION. 


NATURAL  HISTORY 


AND 


OF    THE 


•ODLING    MOTH, 

/Or  APPLE  WORMJ 


ALSO, 


Notes  on  the  Scale  Insect, 


BY  MESSRS.  COOKE  &  SON, 

PROPRIETORS 

Factory, 

Sacramento,  California. 


SACRAMENTO: 

H.  S.  CROCKER  <fe  CO.,  PRINTERS  AND  STATIONERS. 
l879. 

LIBRARY 

BR  FTHB 

.-..-; TV  r  ••t«.rt^r»i«i 


PREFACE. 


To  THE  READERS  OF  IHIS  PAMPHLET  :  We  wish  it  to 
be  distinctly  understood  that  its  contents  are  the  result 
of  our  own  investigation,  commenced  June,  1877,  an(^ 
continued  to  the  present  time.  Our  object  in  commenc- 
ing this  investigation  was  to  obtain  reliable  information 
of  the  natural  history  and  habits  of  the  insect  pest  known 
as  the  Codling  or  Apple  Moth ;  also  to  find  a  remedy 
that  would  effectually  exterminate  the  pest.  How  we 
have  succeeded  we  leave  for  our  readers  to  judge. 

We  respectfully  ask  of  the  fruit  growers  a  careful  read- 
ing, and  any  information  sent  us  concerning  this  pest  or 
the  scale  insect  will  be  thankfully  received  and  preserved 
for  publication. 

We  are  directly  interested,  in  common  with  the  fruit 
growers,  in  the  extermination  of  this  pest,  our  business 
depending  especially  on  their  success  as  producers  of 
choice  marketable  fruit.  It  is  our  purpose  to  publish, 
from  time  to  time,  such  information  as  we  are  able  to 
collect,  until  the  natural  history  and  habits  of  these  pests 
are  fully  understood,  and  also  such  experiments,  made 
by  those  interested  in  their  destruction,  as  we  know  to  be 
reliable.  Respectfully, 

COOKE  &  SON, 
Pioneer  Box  Factory,  Sacramento,  Cal. 

SACRAMENTO,  Nov.  ist,  1879. 


THE  CODLING  MOTH. 


"The  Codling  Moth  is  now  one  of  the  permanent  in- 
stitutions of  the  State,  and  fruit  growing,  or  at  least  apple 
and  pear  growing,  have  been  rendered  very  unsatisfactory 
and  uncertain." — Sacramento  Record-  Union. 

To  THE  FRUIT  GROWERS  OF  CALIFORNIA  AND  ALL 
WHOM  IT  MAY  CONCERN  :  It  is  unnecessary  for  our  pur- 
pose to  detail  the  amount  of  damage  done  the  apple, 
pear  and  quince  crop  of  central  California  since  1874,  by 
the  insect  pest  known  as  the  Codling  or  Apple  Mo*h,  as 
unfortunately  it  is  too  well  known. 

In  June,  1877,  we  commenced  our  investigations  to 
obtain  reliable  information  of  the  natural  history  and 
habits  of  this  pest  of  the  orchard,  and  respectfully  submit 
the  result. 

The  moth  belongs  to  the  famil^Tortrices,  the  worm 
the  larva  of  the  Carpocapsa  Pomonella  (the  Codling  or 
Apple  Moth).  The  moth  passes  the  Winter  in  the  larva 
state,  and,  in  some  instances,  in  the  chrysalis  form.  The 
larva  can  be  found  under  the  loose  bark,  in  the  crotches 
or  indents  or  cracks  in  the  bark  of  trees  affected  the 
previous  year.  The  larva  found  in  apples,  pears  and 
quinces  are  the  same  species, 


-  6  - 


FIRST   APPEARANCE   OF   THE   MOTH. 

The   moth   generally  appears   from    ist    to   _2oth  /of 
May  •  a  few  in  favorable  locations  by  April  25*. 
time  'at  which  the  eggs  arrive  at  maturity  apparently 
coincides  with  the  end  or  termination  of  the  pupa  < 
chrySis  sSS  so  that  the  sexes  are  ready  to  unite  soon 
after  transformation. 

(Fig.   2.) 


X  Al  / 

\^_^sL^^ 


DESCRIPTION    OF    FIG.    2. 
A     Blossom  end  of  apple,  and  where  larva  Is  supposed  to  enter 


S555S.  5 


The  moth  deposits  the  egg  generally  in  the  blossom 
end  of  the  fruit  (A,  Fig.  2),  but  sometimes  on  any  part 
(the  latter  especially  late  in  the  season).  The  eggs  are 
attached  to  the  fruit  by  a  pasty  substance.  It  is  our 
opinion  that  at  the  time  the  egg  is  deposited  the  skin  01 
the  fruit  is  punctured,  making  easy  entrance  for  the 
larva.  It  is  rare  to  find  more  than  one  egg  on  any 
apple,  pear,  or  quince,  or  more  than  one  larva. 

The  larva  is  hatched  in  from  nine  to  twelve  days,  and 
begins  to  eat  eagerly  and  burrow  towards  the  carpellary 
ovarium,  or  core  containing  the  seeds  (B,  Fig.  2). 

The  larva  when  hatched  can  scarcely  be  seen  with 
the  naked  eye ;  at  six  days,  measures  nearly  one  quarter 
of  an  inch  in  length,  about  as  thick  as  fine  silk  thread, 
(ist),  first  signs  of  excrement  at  burrow  (D,  Fig.  2) ;  at 
ten  days,  three  eighths  of  an  inch,  and  about  as  thick 
as  No.  20  wire  (E,  Fig.  2).  It  has  burrowed  by  this 
time  about  three  fourths  of  the  distance  to  the  seed 
bag  of  fruit  (B,  Fig.  2) ;  at  twenty  days,  .nearly  full 
natural  size  (c,  Fig.  i),  and  often  as  large  as  e,  Fig.  i. 

When  the  larva  is  ready  to  assume  the  pupa  or  chrysalis 
form,  it  leaves  the  fruit  by  gnawing  a  hole  through  the 
pericarp  (D,  Fig.  2).  Nature  has  supplied  it  with  a 
spinneret,  the  opening  apparently  in  the  lower  lip,  from 
which  issues  a  viscid  fluid  in  a  fine  stream,  and  hardens 
into  silk  on  contact  with  the  air.  By  this  means  it 
lowers  itself  to  the  ground  or  intervening  branches.  If 
it  reaches  the  ground,  it  immediately  crawls  toward  the 
tree,  and  on  its  journey  can  often  be  seen  as  e,  Fig.  i. 
On  reaching  the  tree,  it  searches  for  a  nesting  place 
under  the  loose  bark  in  the  crotches,  or  any  cavity  it  can 
find.  If  it  comes  in  contact  with  a  branch  when  leaving 
fruit,  it  generally  crawls  toward  the  crotches,  or  until  it 
reaches  a  hiding  place.  If  under  the  loose  bark  it  com- 
mences building  an  oval  shaped  wall,  about  one  six- 
teenth of  an  inch  high,  composed  of  the  viscid  fluid 
from  spinneret,  and  sometimes  mixed  with  pieces  gnawed 


off  the  bark  ;  the  cover  is  then  put  on  the  nest  by  using 
spinneret ;  the  whole  completed  in  twenty-four  hours 
(a,  Fig.  i).  If  in  a  crevice  of  the  bark,  the  nest  is  made 
in  different  shapes.  It  is  noticeable  in  the  Winter  nest 
the  tops  and  sides  are  washed  with  fluid  from  spinneret, 
making  the  nest  water-proof  to  a  great  extent. 

The  moth  remains  in  the  pupa  or  chrysalis  form  from 
nine  to  twelve  days,  in  our  usual  May  weather.  At  the 
proper  time  the  pupa  case  is  burst  open,  and  the  perfect 
moth  appears  (/,  Fig.  i). 

It  may  be  asked,  How  does  the  moth  get  out  of  the 
nest  so  neatly  made,  etc.  ?  By  some  freak  of  nature, 
about  twenty-four  hours  before  transformation,  the  pupa 
is  forced  through  one  end  of  the  nest  (i,  Fig.  i),  so  that 
the  perfect  insect  can  easily  escape. 

The  chrysalids  of  this  moth  are  capable  of  moving 
lively  at  any  time,  from  the  time  they  assume  the  chrys- 
alis or  pupa  form  until  the  insect  escapes  perfect. 

PROBABLE  RATE  OF  INCREASE  OF  THESE  MOTHS. 

Entomologists  claim  that  of  the  lepidopterous  insects, 
including  butterflies  and  moths,  nearly  one  thousand  kinds 
are  known  in  the  United  States.  That  each  female  lays 
from  200  to  500  eggs.  Taking  200  as  the  lowest  num- 
ber, twelve  female  moths  in  one  orchard  would  produce 
2,460  caterpillars ;  if  one  half  these  were  females,  they 
would  produce  240,000.  In  proportion,  the  third  gen- 
eration would  reach  24,000,000. 

From  the  observations  stated,  we  are  led  to  believe 
that  the  destruction  of  this  pest  must  be  consummated 
while  it  is  in  the  caterpillar  state. 

Is  this  pest  of  the  orchard  only  found  in  California? 
The  damage  done  by  this  pest  in  the  States  east  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  is  too  well  known  to  need  repeating. 
At  the  present  time  it  is  doing  so  much  damage  to  the 
fruit  crop  in  parts  of  Australia  that  a  Commission  has 


-  9  - 

been  appointed  in  Tasmania  to  investigate  and  report. 
(The  report,  if  made,  has  not  reached  us.) 

For  comparison,  we  give  a  written  statement  by  Joseph 
Cronley,  Esq.,  of  Lord  street,  Sandy  Bay,  as  reported  to 
Commission  (taken  from  the  "  Melbourne  Australasian," 
July  1 2th,  1879),  allowance  to  be  made  as  to  dates  for 
difference  of  seasons  in  Australia  and  California : 

"I  first  observed  affected  apples  in  my  garden  early  in 
January.  I  took  the  affected  ones  off  and  examined  them 
minutely.  At  this  time  there  was  on  some  of  the  affected 
apples  a  red  spot,  with  a  brown  speck  in  the  center,  which 
I  supposed  to  be  the  egg ;  at  this  stage  I  could  not  find 
any  grub.  Next  stage,  a  small  hole  covered  with  excre- 
ment, and  I  found  the  grub,  but  very  small,  about  one- 
eighth  of  an  inch  under  the  surface  of  the  apple.  I  found 
some  near  the  core  of  the  apple,  and  able  to  crawl  about 
lively  when  taken  out  of  the  apple.  If  not  taken  out, 
the  grub  will  eat  its  way  into  the  core  of  the  apple,  and, 
in  most  cases,  will  eat  the  pips  ;  then  it  will  bore  its  way 
on  through  the  side,  or  along  the  core  through  the  eye  of 
the  apple.  I  am  told  that  they  weave  a  web  by  which 
they  descend  from  the  apple  to  the  ground ;  I  have  not 
seen  them  doing  so,  but  I  have  found  the  web  attached 
to  the  apple  and  floating  in  the  air.  The  apples  so 
pierced  by  the  grub  generally  fall  to  the  ground  ;  they  are 
sure  to  do  this  if  the  core  is  eaten  away,  and  very  often 
before  the  grub  leaves  the  apple.  The  moth  is  a  night 
moth.  I  have  seen  them  in  an  empty  room  in  which  there 
were  apples  the  previous  year,  and  in  which  empty  cases 
remained,  showing  clearly  that  the  grubs  will  live  and 
come  to  maturity  in  any  sheltered  place.  Then  the  moth 
does  its  work  of  destruction  by  night.  I  have  seen  the 
egg  when  recently  laid,  and  have  marked  it  by  sticking  a 
gooseberry  thorn  in  the  apple  near  the  egg,  and  watched 
it  until  I  cut  the  grub  out  full  grown.  I  have  not  seen 
any  recent  traces  of  the  moth  after  about  the  middle  of 


March,  at  which  time  we  had  a  little  cold  rain,  which 
rain,  I  believe,  destroyed  the  grub  in  the  apple  by  filling 
the  holes  with  water.  Pears  and  plums  are  also  affected 
by  the  grub.  I  here  beg  leave  to  make  a  few  suggestions. 
I  believe  the  present  is  a  very  good  time  for  destroying 
the  grub,  as  in  many  gardens  they  can  be  found  in  great 
numbers  under  the  old  bark  that  is  on  the  trees.  I  have 
taken  as  many  as  twenty-seven  from  under  the  old  bark 
of  one  tree,  and  I  believe  there  were  many  other  such 
trees  in  the  garden.  The  old  bark  (every  crack  and 
crevice)  should  be  searched  for  the  grubs.  As  soon  as 
the  apples  are  seen  affected  on  the  trees  they  should  be 
taken  off  and  destroyed.  A  good  large  hay  band  should 
be  tied  around  the  trunk  of  the  tree  while  the  apples  are 
growing,  at  the  height  of  about  one  foot  from  the  ground  ; 
the  grubs  will  shelter  in  the  bands,  which  should  be  taken 
off  every  two  or  three  weeks  and  burned.  I  believe  the 
grubs  will  be  lessened  very  much  by  this  means,  as  they 
certainly  make  for  the  tree  for  shelter.  I  believe  it  would 
be  a  good  way  to  burn  naked  lights  on  a  fine  night  in  the 
garden — see  how  many  moths  are  destroyed  by  rushing 
into  the  glare  of  a  candle.  I  know  from  visiting  many 
gardens  about  Hobart  Town  that  some  men  have  lost 
one-half,  and  many  have  lost  one-third  of  their  crop  of 
fruit  this  year  by  the  grub.  I  know  one  man  who  I 
believe  had  fully  one  hundred  bushels  of  apples  destroyed 
by  the  grub ;  one-half  of  these  or  more  he  gathered  off 
the  trees  or  the  ground  and  threw  them  in  the  street, 
the  remainder  he  put  in  a  heap  in  an  adjoining  paddock. 
Now,  this  is  not  the  way  to  keep  the  grub  under.  I  asked 
another  man  why  he  did  not  get  those  grubby  apples  off 
the  trees  ?  He  said  :  'I  don't  keep  them  as  a  source  of 
revenue.'  Another  man,  in  answer  to  a  similar  question, 
said  :  *  I  cannot  bother  with  them — if  they  leave  me 
enough  for  my  use  I  don't  care.'  Now  these  are  the  kind 
of  men  that  the  industrious  fruit-grower  seeks  protection 


-  II  - 

against.     If  the  grub  gets  to  the  Huon,  it  is  my  opinion 
the  Huon  people  will  never  rid  themselves  of  it." 

Mr.  Thomas  Johnson  also  writes  to  the  Commission, 
giving  description  of  the  larva,  and  concludes : 

"With  regard  to  the  means  of  destroying  it  I  can 
offer  no  suggestion.  My  attempt  to  catch  the  moths 
with  a  lantern,  etc.,  was  a  failure,  although  there  were 
hundreds  of  moths  flying  about.  They  have  extended 
their  circle  very  fast  this  last  two  years.  I  do  not  think 
eight  miles  would  inclose  them  about  Hobart  Town." 

What  remedies  have  been  tried  in  California  ? 

In  our  pamphlet  dated  January  6th,  1879,  we  recom- 
mended as  the  most  convenient  a  solution  of  sulphur 
and  lime  to  wash  the  trees  with.  On  application  it  was 
not  as  effectual  as  we  could  wish.  It  would  clean  the 
tree ;  washed  off  all  insect  life,  excepting  the  larva  we 
wanted  to  destroy.  It  would  not  kill  the  larva  of  the 
Codling  Moth,  but  would  possibly  prevent  it  from  as- 
suming the  pupa. 

D.  F.  HUTCHIXGS.  D.  M.  DUNNH 

Phoenix  Oil  Works, 

[ESTABLISHED  1850.] 

HUTCHINGS  &   CO., 


OF 

Codling  Moth  and  Insect  Sztezmiaator, 

517  Front  Street,  SAN   FRANCISCO. 


A.11  Orders  Promptly  Attended  to. 


-    12    - 
A    REMEDY    FOUND. 

With  the  assistance  of  David  M.  Dunne,  Esq.,  of  the 
firm  of  Messrs.  Hutchings  &  Co.,  Phoenix  Oil  Works,  San 
Francisco,  a  concentrated  wash  was  produced,  consisting 
of  whale  oil  soap,  sulphur,  etc.,  which  will  destroy  the  larva 
or  chrysalids  of  this  pest.  It  has  been  practically  tested 
on  an  extensive  scale.  Result  easily  described.  It  kills 
the  larva,  improves  the  tree,  and  the  cost  is  only  nominal. 

We  will  mention  here  that  we  are  under  obligation  to 
Mr.  John  Cox,  of  Sutterville,  and  Mr.  T.  B.  Flint,  of 
Riverside,  both  places  in  Sacramento  County,  and  also 
to  Mr.  George  D.  Kellogg,  of  Newcastle,  Placer  County, 
for  assisting  us  in  every  manner  they  could  in  making 
the  experiments,  which  have  proved  successful. 

We  will  say  frankly  to  fruit  growers,  where  orchards 
are  affected  by  this  pest,  to  clean  your  orchard  will 


J.  L.  CHADDERDON, 

IMPORTER  AND  DEALER  IN 

IPaints, 

Oils, 

Varnishes, 

"Window  Glass, 


Artists9  and  ^Painters'  Materials, 

Wall  :Pftpei-    Etc. 


AGHEISTT    FOR.   THE 

Codling  If  otnllnseet  Exterminator 

No.  2O8  K  Street,  Sacramento,  Gal. 


take  time  and  labor.  It  will  also  take  the  united  action 
of  all  fruit  growers  in  each  neighborhood.  No  effort 
should  be  spared,  as  each  year  the  pest  will  be  spreading 
further  and  become  more  numerous.  You  can  rest  as- 
sured, that  from  the  experiments  tried  by  a  few,  the 
returns  received  were  equal  to  five  hundred  per  cent  on 
the  outlay.  What  better  investment  could  be  wished  for? 

HOW   TO    PREPARE    THE    WASH. 

Take  ten  pounds  of  the  concentrated  wash  and  put  in 
a  barrel ;  on  this  pour  two  gallons  of  boiling  water, 
which  will  form  a  thick  suds ;  to  this  add  eight  gallons 
/  of  cold  water ;  stir  and  let  stand  twelve  hours  (the  longer 
the  better ;  should  be  stirred  occasionally).  The  wash  is 
then  ready  for  use.  (One  pound  of  codling  moth 
mixture  to  each  gallon  of  water.) 

PREPARING    THE    TREES. 

Immediately  after  the  fall  of 
the  leaves,  provide  some  small 
ship  scrapers  and  grind  two  of 
the  edges  in  circles  (Fig.  No.  3) 
so  that  they  will  be  near  to 
the  circles  of  the  trees  (B  and 
C,  Fig.  3).  Scrapers  length 
of  side  four  inches,  will  be 
large  enough.  Use  handles  to 
suit.  Procure  a  cloth  made  of 
old  sacks  or  any  material  con- 
venient, spread  on  ground 
around  the  tree  as  far  as  the 
scrapings  are  likely  to  spread  ; 
then  commence  on  the  tree  as 
far  up  as  there  is  any  rough  loose  bark,  and  scrape  it 
carefully  off.  Also  examine  and  scrape  r.ll  crevices  in 
the  bark  or  those  formed  in  the  crotches  of  the  tree. 
Continue  scraping  until  you  reach  the  ground.  This 


-  i4  - 

done,  gather  the  scrapings  carefully  off  the  doth,  so 
that  they  can  be  burned  or  destroyed. 

Be  careful  that  you  do  not  neglect  gathering  carefully 
the  scrapings  and  destroying  them,  as  on  this  point  de- 
pends a  great  deal  of  your  success. 

Take  a  common  whitewash  brush  and  give  the  tree  a 
good  coat  of  the  whale  oil  soap  and  sulphur  solution, 
commencing  at  the  top  as  far  up  as  there  are  any  cracks 
or  crevices  in  the  bark,  and  wash  down  to  the  ground. 
Repeat  the  washing  before  the  Spring  ;  this  will  destroy 
any  larva  or  chrysalis  left  on  the  tree. 

We  have  been  informed  by  fruit  growers  that  they  have 
found  the  larva  in  store  rooms,  boxes,  etc.,  in  the  Winter 
season.  During  the  last  two  Winters  we  have  made  very 
careful  examinations  of  the  fences,  shrubbery  and  pack- 
ing houses  in  some  orchards,  but  failed  to  detect  any 
larva  of  the  Codling  Moth.  However,  careful  search 
should  be  made  and  any  suspicious  places  washed  with 
the  above  solution. 

FURTHER    PRECAUTION. 

Take  a  piece  of  common  straw  wrapping  paper,  say 
twenty-four  inches  long  and  ten  or  twelve  inches  wfde, 
double  it  lengthwise  (this  will  be  sufficiently  long  for  a 
tree  seven  inches  in  diameter — larger  trees  will  require 
longer  bands,  in  one  or  more  pieces),  and  put  around  the 
tree  a  few  inches  above  the  ground  ;  fasten  it  with  a  piece 
of  wire  or  narrow  strip  of  tin — either  of  them  is  preferable 
to  cord,  as  they  can  be  pressed  into  the  dents  on  the 
surface  of  the  tree.  The  larva  creeping  up  the  tree, 
makes  its  nest  in  the  paper.  These  papers  should  be 
examined  every  eighth  day,  the  larva  collected  and  de- 
stroyed. Paper  or  rags  laid  on  the  ground  around  the 
tree  will  answer  the  same  purpose,  but  may  not  be  so 
easily  examined.  We  would  also  recommend  that  some 
paper  or  rags  should  be  placed  in  the  crotches  of  the  tree 


-  '5  - 

so  as  to  entrap  any  larva  coming  down  the  branches 
looking  for  a  nesting  place. 

We  have  positive  proof  that  the  larvae  will  not  nest  on 
any  part  of  a  tree  that  has  been  washed  with  this  solu- 
tion. Where  trees  have  been  washed,  they  have  ascended 
and  nested  around  the  stems  of  the  fruit  hanging  on 
tree ;  therefore  the  utility  of  providing  traps  for  them. 

The  paper  bands  have  been  in  use  for  some  time  by 
parties  in  this  neighborhood,  and  are  reported  as  having 
done  good  service  in  the  Eastern  States. 

ANOTHER    PLAN    FOR    DESTROYING   THE    PEST. 

When  Mr.  Charles  W.  Reed,  proprietor  of  WTashing- 
ton  Orchard,  Yolo  County,  returned  from  the  .East  last 
Spring,  it  was  too  late  in  the  season  to  wash  his  extensive 
orchard,  and  only  a  small  portion  of  it  was  done.  How- 
ever, he  was  determined  to  make  an  effort  to  clear  his 
orchard  of  the  pest.  He  purchased  three  hundred  hogs 
and  put  them  in  his  orchard.  He  employed  men  to 
pick  all  fruit  off  his  trees  showing  signs  of  the  larva. 
The  hogs  followed  the  men  from  tree  to  tree  and  picked 
up  the  fruit  as  it  was  thrown  down.  This  operation  was 
often  repeated,  so  that  the  early  broods  were  nearly 
destroyed.  Result :  Mr.  Reed  shipped  twenty-two  car- 
loads of  fruit  East  this  year  against  five  last  year.  This 
plan  is  expensive,  but  it  is  a  first-class  remedy. 

Some  other  fruit  growers  having  large  orchards  had 
the  fruit  showing  signs  of  larva  picked  off  and  destroyed. 

Any  means  taken  to  destroy  the  early  broods  will  pre- 
vent the  late  fruit  from  being  destroyed. 

The  work  of  exterminating  this  pest  should  be  the 
united  action  of  all  fruit  growers  having  orchards  affected 
by  this  pest.  It  matters  not  whether  the  orchards  cover 
large  or  small  tracts  of  land— only  united  action  will 
win  the  fight.  In  proof  of  this,  we  will  mention  one 
instance.  We  know  of  an  orchard  owned  by  Mr.  A.  that 


-  i6  - 

was  properly  cleaned  this  last  Spring,  and  the  early  crop 
saved  from  the  ravages  of  this  pest.  Adjoining  was  an 
orchard  owned  by  Mr.  B.,  neglected  in  every  way,  early 
and  late  crops  destroyed.  Mr.  A.  had  in  his  orchard 
about  four  hundred  boxes  of  Winter  Nellis  pears.  Dur- 
ing the  last  twenty  days  of  September  three  fourths  of 
them  have  been  destroyed  by  this  pest.  Query  :  Where 
did  they  come  from  ?  We  will  answer,  without  fear  of 
contradiction,  from  Mr.  B.'s  orchard. 

To  the  enterprising  and  industrious  fruit  growers  of 
California  :  Permit  us  once  more  to  warn  you  of  the 
danger  that  threatens  the  products  of  your  beautiful 
orchards.  Organize  a  State  society ;  make  every  effort 
in  your  power  during  the  next  two  months  to  secure  united 
action  in  your  respective  neighborhoods,  for  the  purpose 
of  exterminating  the  insect  pest  known  as  the  Codling 
or  Apple  Moth.  If  this  fails,  apply  to  the  Legislature, 
which  meets  next  January,  and  get  a  bill  passed  requiring 
every  owner,  lessee,  renter,  or  occupant  of  lands  on  which 
there  is  planted  or  growing  any  apple,  pear,  or  quince 
trees,  to  uncaterpillar  them  by  picking  off  and  destroy- 
ing, as  prescribed  in  bill,  all  fruit  affected  or  showing 
signs  of  larva.  Also,  attaching  penalties,  etc. 

The  above  may  be  considered  a  harsh  recommenda- 
tion, but  what  we  know  of  the  natural  history  and  habits 
of  this  pest  makes  such  a  recommendation  necessary. 

We  respectfully  refer  you  to  a  sentence  in  the  letter  of 
Mr.  Cronley  to  the  Tasmanian  Committee,  which  we  will 
repeat:  "Now,  these  are  the  kind  of  men  the  industri- 
ous fruit  grower  seeks  protection  against." 

We  are  sorry  to  say,  but  it  is  nevertheless  a  fact,  that 
there  are  many  such  men  in  central  California  as  there 
referred  to  by  Mr.  Cronley.  Our  experiments  have 
brought  us  in  contact  with  them.  They  will  freely  criti- 
cise all  experiments  made  by  others,  but  will  be  remark- 
ably careful  they  will  not  try  any  themselves;  and  all 


-  17  - 

the  knowledge  they  claim  to  possess,  their  neighbor  dare 
not  know  it.  This  class  of  men  should  be  forced  by 
the  strong  arm  of  the  law  to  do  their  share  in  work  that 
is  a  public  necessity. 

HOW    TO    EXAMINE    THE    TREES    TO    FIND    LARVA. 

Open  the  large  blade  of  pocket  knife  and  take  off  care- 
fully the  pieces  of  loose  bark ;  examine  inside  part,  and  if 
the  larva  is  there,  you  will  find  nest,  as  shown  in  #,  Fig.  i. 
On  removing  cover  off  nest,  it  will  either  contain  larva 
(6,  Fig.  i)  or  chrysalis  (c,  Fig.  i).  All  crevices  and 
dents  in  the  bark,  and  crotches,  should  be  examined 
carefully.  Some  persons  throw  the  bark  away  before 
examining  it,  thinking  the  nest  is  on  the  tree.  This  is  a 
mistake. 

HOW  TO  PROCURE  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  MOTH. 

When  you  find  the  larva,  if  it  is  not  on  the  loose 
bark,  remove  the  piece  of  bark  to  which  it  is  attached; 
place  it  in  a  small  vial,  and,  if  in  the  Summer  time, 
inside  of  twelve  days  you  will  have  a  genuine  specimen 
of  the  moth  (/  and  g,  Fig.  i).  Fruit  growers  can  get 
important  information  concerning  the  natural  history 
and  habits  of  the  insect  pests  by  experiments  in  this  way. 

BRIEF    MENTION. 

The  theory  that  the  moth  deposited  the  egg  on  the 
fruit  blossom,  and  that  it  remained  there  until  the  fruit 
was  grown  to  natural  size,  is  a  mistake. 

Supposing  the  moth  matured  from  the  Winter  larva 
on  the  first  day  of  May,  the  first  brood  of  the  season 
would  reach  perfection  by  the  2oth  of  June,  and  the 
second  brood  by  the  i2th  of  August.  Those  matured 
after  the  2oth  of  August  deposit  the  egg  that  produces 
the  larvce  and  chrysalids  for  the  next  season. 

Fruit  growers  should  examine  all  boxes  returned  to 
their  orchards.  The  pest  has  been  spread  over  the 


_  i8  - 

country  in  return  boxes  from  market,  where  they  have 
been  in  contact  with  boxes  containing  wormy  fruit.  We 
have  taken  six  larvae  from  one  bundle  of  empty  boxes 
at  S.  V.  R.  R.  depot,  being  sent  back  to  the  mountain 
orchards  of  El  Dorado  County. 

Of  pear  trees,  from  twelve  to  sixteen  inches  diameter, 
fair  height,  one  man  washed  one  hundred  and  fifty  per 
day.  One  gallon  of  solution  averaged  four  and  one  half 
trees.  The  Codling  Moth  Wash  is  an  excellent  ferti- 
lizer for  the  tree  and  produces  a  smooth  bark. 

The  codling  moth  wash  destroys  aphis  and  all 
insect  life  that  it  reaches,  on  trees  or  vines.  Grape 
growers  should  experiment  by  washing  their  young  vines 
twice  each  year,  as  we  think  that  it  will  free  them  from 
attacks  of  insect  pests.  R.  B.  Blowers,  Esq.,  of  Wood- 
land. Yolo  County,  indorses  this  plan  for  grape  vines. 

We  have  received  a  package  of  sheep  wash  from  the 
Standard  Soap  Company  of  San  Francisco,  which  we 
will  give  a  thorough  trial  and  report  its  effect  on  the 
larva  of  this  pest. 

It  is  necessary  where  an  examination  is  made  of  an 
orchard,  to  examine  every  tree  carefully,  of  the  apple, 
pear,  and  quince  varieties. 

We  made  an  examination  of  a  small  orchard  contain- 
ing about  seventy-five  apple  trees,  some  of  them  large 
trees.  On  fifty-eight  that  \ve  examined  carefully,  we 
found,  all  told,  three  larvae;  on  the  fifty-ninth  we  found 
thirty-five  in  less  than  fifteen  minutes;  on  the  balance 
we  found  only  a  few. 

The  moth  deposits  the  eggs  at  night. 

Part  of  the  early  fruit  falls  prematurely — when  attacked 
by  larva — but  little  of  the  late  fruit  falls  before  the 
larva  escapes. 

NOTE.— Since  writing  the  above,  we  found  in  a  fruit  packing 
room  some  larvae  in  nests  made  in  a  package  of  paper. 


-  i9  - 

Examine  all  boxes  returned  from  market  before  taking 
into  the  orchard. 

The  Codling  Moth  Wash  can  be  bought  in  packages 
weighing  from  two  pounds  to  two  hundred  and  fifty 
pounds. 

To  be  successful  use  every  effort  to  destroy  the  spring 
brood  of  moths. 

Fruit  showing  signs  of  larva  should  not  be  allowed  to 
remain  on  the  ground  around  the  tree. 

We  have  read  statements  by  fruit  growers  that  they 
have  seen  the  codling  moth  flying  in  large  numbers.  In 
our  investigations  we  have  not  seen  more  than  two  at 
any  one  time. 

The  moth  will  live  in  glass  seven  (7)  days. 

The  female  moths  deposit  their  brood  of  eggs  within 
forty-eight  hours. 

The  egg  can  be  seen  plainly  by  the  naked  eye. 

The  best  time  to  see  the  moths  at  work  is  at  dawn  of 
day  in  the  months  of  June  and  July. 

We  do  not  think  the  female  moths  can  be  decoyed 
from  the  trees  hy  burning  lights  at  night  in  orchard  until 
all  the  eggs  in  the  ovary  are  deposited. 

In  our  experiments  we  found  the  female  moths  to  be 
about  forty  per  cent,  of  the  number  hatched. 

Only  united  action  of  fruit  growers  will  gain  a  com- 
plete victory  over  this  pest. 

Defer  not  your  action — the  time  arrives  as  soon  as  the 
leaves  fall. 

AN    ENTERPRISING    FRUIT    GROWER. 

Mr.  James  B.  Saul,  of  the  Oak  Shade  Fruit  Com- 
pany, Davisville,  Yolo  County,  read  our  pamphlet  of 
January  6th,  1879.  He  called  at  our  office  and  exam- 
ined the  larvae,  etc.,  we  had  collected.  He  had  not 
observed  any  signs  of  this  pest  in  his  orchard.  How- 
ever, he  set  his  men  to  work  and  examined  every  tree 
carefully,  and  to  his  surprise,  two  larvae  were  found  in 


one  of  his  apple  trees.  Without  wasting  any  time,  war 
was  declared  against  the  pest.  Washing  done,  early  in 
the  season  paper  bands  were  placed  on  the  trees,  and 
throughout  the  season  examined  every  six  days.  He 
also  prevailed  upon  his  neighbors  to  take  the  same 
measures  to  fight  the  pest.  Mr.  Saul  evidently  believes 
the  old  proverb,  "An  ounce  of  prevention  is  better  than 
a  pound  of  cure." 

Moral:    "Go  ye  and  do  likewise." 


SCALE  INSECTS, 

ON  ORANGE,  APPLE  AND  PEAR  TREES. 

During  a  recent  visit  to  Southern  California  our  atten- 
tion was  called  to  a  pest  found  in  some  of  the  orange 
orchards,  known  as  the  Red  Scale.  It  is  not  only  found 
on  the  branches  and  foliage  of  the  tree,  but  also  spreads 
over  the  fruit.  We  have  not  had  time  to  make  such 
inquiry  or  experiments  as  we  would  wish  to,  but  it  has 
been  our  good  fortune,  since  our  return,  to  meet  a  gen- 
tleman from  Louisiana  who  is  thoroughly  acquainted 
with  the  culture  of  orange  trees  during  the  past  fifty 
years,  and  also  with  the  troubles  growers  have  to  en- 
counter— such  as  scale  insects,  etc.,  etc.  He  attributes 
the  cause  of  such  pests,  to. a  great  extent,  to  want  of  care 
and  proper  attention  ;  growers  taking  crop  after  crop 
for  a  succession  of  years,  neglecting  to  make  an  effort  to 
strengthen  and  nourish  the  tree — only  what  can  be  ob- 
tained from  mother  earth,  and  the  pruning  knife. 

We  will  repeat  a  comparison  made  by  him  :  "  Take 
the  human  being,  for  instance.  Exact  from  him  more 
than  ordinary  labor,  deprive  him  of  proper  food,  etc.,  etc., 
and  he  will  become  filthy.  So  with  the  fruit." 


He  states  that  a  trench  dug  around  the  tree  and  filled 
with  strong  manure,  then  covered  with  the  earth  taken 
out,  or  give  the  body  of  the  tree  a  good  washing  with 
strong  soft  soap  lie  or  the  refuse  known  to  soap  makers 
as  "  Nigger."  In  addition,  wash  the  branches  and  foliage 
with  some  alkali  wash  to  complete  the  work.  If  either 
of  the  above  preparations  are  properly  applied,  all  insect 
life  will  be  destroyed. 

R.  Williamson,  Esq.,  of  the  firm  of  W.  R.  Strong  & 
Co.,  sent  us  from  a  neighboring  County  some  specimens 
of  apples,  and  also  pieces  of  branches  of  the  tree  they 
were  taken  from,  which  were  covered  by  a  scale  some- 
what similar  in  appearance  to  the  so-called  Red  Scale 
found  on  the  orange  trees,  though  not  quite  so  large. 
We  visited  the  orchards  where  they  were  taken  from, 
also  other  orchards  in  the  neighborhood,  and  found  this 
scale  also  on  the  pear  trees  and  fruit.  In  many  cases 
limbs  and  branches  are  completely  covered,  and  in  some 
cases  the  parts  of  the  trees  affected  are  only  dead  timber. 
This  scale  is  also  found  on  the  fruit  of  trees  affected. 

We  have  tried  some  experiments  on  the  specimens 
now  in  our  possession,  both  of  the  orange  and  apple 
trees,  and  we  believe  that  if  the  trees  are  thoroughly  sat- 
urated with  the  wash  used  for  the  Codling  moth,  that  it 
will  not  only  destroy  the  scales  on  the  tree  and  foliage, 
but  will  protect  the  tree  from  further  attacks. 

NOTE.— The  wash  for  trunk  of  the  tree  should  be  made  and  put 
on  as  thick  as  possible. 

Mr.  Titus,  of  San  Gabriel,  Los  Angelos  County,  very 
kindly  gave  us  a  description  of  an  apparatus  he  con- 
structed for  washing  trees.  He  placed  on  the  bed  and 
running  gear  of  a  wagon  a  large  wine  cask — capacity 
about  one  hundred  gallons — to  which  he  attached  an 
ordinary  force  pump.  The  fluid  wash  is  put  in  the  cask 
and  forced  by  pump  through  a  hose  with  perforated  nozzle. 
With  this  apparatus  from  seventy-five  to  one  hundred 
large  orange  trees  can  be  thoroughly  washed  per  day. 


For  apple  and  pear  trees,  when  stripped  of  foliage, 
the  ordinary  garden 'pump  will  be  sufficient. 

To  Nurserymen  :  In  a  flower  garden  in  this  city  we 
found  a  rosebush  that  was  nearly  covered  with  a  species 
of  this  scale  insect.  We  applied  the  sulphur  and  lime 
solution  in  July,  but  it  had  little  effect.  On  the  i5th  of 
September  the  stem  and  branches  were  covered  so  thick 
that  they  appeared  as  if  whitewashed.  We  applied  the 
Codling  Moth  Wash  and  in  a  few  days  the  scale  was 
destroyed.  We  have  called  the  attention  of  several  per- 
sons, and  had  them  examine  the  residue  left  on  the  stem 
and  branches.  Among  those  who  examined  was  I.  N. 
Hoag,  Esq.,  Secretary  State  Agricultural  Society.  All 
agree  that  the  destruction  of  the  insect  was  complete. 

At  the  Los  Angeles  Horticultural  Fair  (1879),  we  met 
Albert  S.  White,  Esq.,  of  Riverside,  San  Bernardino 
County,  and  requested  him  to  try  some  experiments  by 
applying  the  Codling  Moth  Wash  on  the  scale  found  on 
orange  trees.  We  forwarded  to  him  a  package  of  the 
preparation,  and  have  received  the  following  report: 

RIVERSIDE,  Nov.  3d,  1879. 
Messrs.  COOKE  &  SON — 

Gentlemen  :  I  have  given  the  preparation  sent  me  a 
thorough  trial,  and  find  that  it  makes  very  short  work  of 
the  scale  bug.  Yours,  truly, 

ALBERT  S.  WHITE. 

We  are  under  obligations  to  C.  H.  Dwinelle,  Esq.,  of 
the  State  University,  Berkeley,  for  the  following  commu- 
nication in  answer  to  our  inquiries  concerning  the  scale 
insect : 

MR.  MATTHEW  COOKE — 

Dear  Sir":  The  specimens  which  you  sent  me  of  the 
scale  insect  from  the  rose,  and  your  inquiries  in  regard 


to  the  similar  pests  found  in  our  apple,  pear  and  orange 
orchards,  have  interested  me  very  much. 

You  have  opened  a  subject,  the  importance  of  which, 
to  the  fruit  growers  of  California,  can  hardly  be  overesti- 
mated. The  rose  scale  has  been  known  in  the  counties 
about  San  Francisco  Bay  for  many  years  past,  as  one  of 
the  worst  parasites  of  the  rose  bush. 

THE    SCALE    INSECTS    OR    BARK    LICE 

Belong  to  the  order  of  the  Hemiptera,  which  includes  the 
true  "bugs."  The  Chinch  bug,  Squash  bug  and  their 
allies,  are  good  examples  of  the  order,  and  are  notorious 
for  their  evil  doings.  The  Phylloxera  is  also  a  worthy 
representative.  The  family  of  the  Coccidae  includes  the 
scale  insects  proper.  Over  thirty  species  have  been 
found  in  Great  Britain,  and  it  is  not  likely  that  California 
will  have  to  yield  anything  in  point  of  numbers.  A  glass 
of  considerable  power  is  needed  to  study  them  to  advan- 
tage. 

THE    APPLE    SCALE. 

The  most  common  apple  scale  insect  is 
generally  known  to  naturalists  as  the  oyster- 
shell  bark-louse  (Aspul  lotus  concliiformis), 
named  from  the  form  of  the  scale.  Packard 
says  that  it  does  more  harm  to  the  apple  tree 
than  any  other  insect  known.  Prof.  Riley 
also  notes  its  occurrence  on  the  pear,  plum 
and  currant.  I  believe  that  the  first  I  saw  of 
it  in  this  State  was  about  the  Spring  of  1865, 
in  Oakland,  but  it  may  have  been  an  old 
settler  then.  The  first  cut  here  given  (Fig.  i) 
shows  this  scale  of  natural  size,  as  it  appears 
on  the  apple  bark.* 


*  For  the  use  of  these  cuts  we  aue  indebted  to  the  proprietors 
of  the     acific  Rural  Press. 


-   24  - 

The  scales  of  the  present  season  are  of  a  dark  brown 
color  and  smooth  surface,  as  if  waxed  or  varnished,  and 
fastened  securely  to  the  bark  to  keep  out  the  elements. 
At  the  small  end  of  the  scale  is  what  appears  like  an  oval 
plate,  of  a  light  amber  color,  which  is  said  to  be  the  cast 
off  skin  of  the  insect  in  the  larva  state. 


On  loosening  one  of  these  fresh  scales,  it  will  be  found 
nearly  full  of  pure  white  eggs  (Fig.  2.)  (i,  greatly  magni- 
fied), closely  packed,  and  waiting  for  the  warm  weather  to 
hatch  them  out  next  Spring.  There  may  be  anywhere 
from  ten  to  one  hundred  eggs  under  each  scale.  Fortu- 
nately some  of  the  small  birds,  as  the  wrens  and  chica- 
dees,  devour  immense  numbers  of  these  eggs  before  they 
hatch.  It  is  said  there  is  a  mite,  similar  to  those  found 
in  cheese  and  raw  sugar,  which  sucks  the  eggs  of  this 
Aspidiotus.  I  saw  such  an  one  in  a  colony  of  apple 
scales  yesterday,  but  did  not  catch  him  in  the  act  of  egg- 
sucking.  The  mites  may  be  distinguished  from  the 
young  of  the  scale  by  having  eight  legs,  instead  of  six. 
You  may  have  to  put  a  drop  of  alcohol,  benzine,  or  the 
like,  on  one  to  keep  him  quiet  enough  to  make  out  the 
number  of  his  legs. 


-  25  - 

The  time  when  the  eggs  of  the  scale  hatch  depends 
much  on  temperature,  and  varies  with  locality.  On  the 
Atlantic  coast  it  is  the  last  of  May  and  first  of  June.  I 
cannot  give  the  date  for  this  State,  although  I  have  often 
noticed  the  young  insects.  Each  fruit  grower  should 
keep  watch  of  the  insects  on  his  premises,  and  note  the 
date  of  their  transformations,  for  on  this  knowledge  the 
success  or  failure  of  his  efforts  to  exterminate  them  will 
largely  depend. 

One  authority  says  that  on  their  first  appearance  the 
young  (Fig.  2)  (2)  are  nearly  white,  another  that  they  are 
redish.  Those  that  I  have  noticed  "were  so  dark  as  to 
appear  to  the  naked  eye  like  a  rust.  Besides  their  six 
legs,  they  have  two  antennae,  and  the  female  has  two 
stylets  or  hair-like  appendages  from  the  rear  of  the  body. 
Fig.  2  (8)  is  one  of  the  antennae  highly  magnified. 
Although  at  first  active,  the  female  becomes  stationary 
at  the  end  of  about  ten  days. 

"  A  white  waxy  secretion  issues  from  the  body  in  the 
shape  of  fine  threads."  (Fig.  2)  (3.)  This  secretion  in- 
creases and  hardens  into  a  yellowish  brown,  oval,  scale, 
which  hides  the  body  of  the  insect.  An  addition  is  soon 
made  which  is  wider  than  the  original  scale,  and  darker 
in  color,  as  in  Fig.  2  (4).  The  scale  continues  to  en- 
large until  it  assumes  the  form  seen  in  (7),  and  is  about 
i2-iooths  of  an  inch  in  length,  while  its  occupant  is  only 
about  one-half  as  long.  This  development  occupies 
about  two  months  from  the  time  of  hatching.  Meantime 
theffemale  has  lost  her  limbs  and  other  appendages,  so  as 
to  assume  the  form  shown  in  (5)  and  finally  as  in  -(6). 

Ten  or  twelve  days  after  her  scale  has  reached  its  full 
size,  the  female  begins  to  lay  her  eggs,  and  completes  the 
process  in  about  two  weeks.  She  decreases  in  size,  until 
at  last,  when  she  dies  and  dries  up,  it  is  hard  to  find  any 
trace  of  her.  In  the  Mississippi  valley,  there  is  but  one 
generation  in  a  season,  but  I  know  of  no  one  who  has 


-     26    - 

watched  the  pest  close  enough  to  say  whether  such  is  the 
case  here  or  not. 

HOW  THE  "SCALE"  is  INJURIOUS. 

The  Coccidae  injure  the  trees  by  piercing  the  bark  and 
sucking  the  sap.  Although  so  very  small — the  one  in 
question  being  five  one-hundredths  of  an  inch  in  length-- 
their  numbers  often  enable  them  to  destroy  large  trees. 
Fruit  also  is  greatly  diminished  in  value  when  infested 
by  them.  The  male  insect  does  not  lose  his  legs  while 
under  the  scale,  but  his  beak  or  sucking  apparatus  dis- 
appears. He  finally  emerges  with  a  pair  of  gauzy  wings, 
and  so  different  in  appearance  from  the  female  as  fre- 
quently to  be  taken  for  an  insect  of  an  entirely  distinct 
order. 

ANOTHER  APPLE  SCALE 

Which  is  also  found  on  the  pear,  is  known  as  Aspidiotus 
Harisii,  has  the  scale  oval,  nearly  flat,  and  of  a  milk 
white  color,  while  the  eggs  are  red.  I  do  not  know  that 
it  has  been  reported  as  yet  in  this  State. 

WHEN  TO  DESTROY. 

The  greatest  execution  can  undoubtedly  be  done 
when  the  insects  are  just  out  of  the  egg,  and  not  yet  cov- 
ered with  their  scales.  There  are  many  washes  which 
will  destroy  them  at  that  time,  if  but  a  drop  touches 
them.  As  a  rule,  alkaline  washes  of  moderate  strength 
are  good  ;  for  example,  two  pounds  of  potash  in  seven 
quarts  of  water  ;  diluted  lie  made  from  wood  ashes ;  ^me 
water,  etc.  Some  years  ago  Prof.  Hilgard  advised  a  nur- 
seryman in  this  vicinity  to  use  coal  tar  water,  that  is, 
water  that  had  stood  for  some  time  in  a  barrel  with  coal 
tar  at  the  bottom  of  it,  the  tar  being  stirred  up  occasion- 
ally. This  year  the  San  Jose  papers  report  good  results 
from  using  this  remedy.  Any  of  these  may  be  applied  by 
means  of  a  garden  syringe  or  engine  so  as  to  wet  every 


-  27  - 

part  of  the  tree.  The  young  insects  usually  appear  soon 
after  the  tree  blossoms. 

AT  THIS  TIME  OF  THE  YEAR 

The  scales  should  be  loosened  by  using  a  stiff  brush, 
and  at  the  same  time  applying  the  wash,  which  should 
be  calculated  to  dissolve  the  wax.  Strong  soap-suds 
have  long  been  commended  for  this  purpose.  In  Western 
New  York,  I  found  a  solution,  in  which  whale  oil  soap 
and  tobacco  juice  were  the  chief  ingredients,  to  be  a 
sovereign  remedy  for  all  insects  that  could  be  reached 
by  it.  The  scraping  and  washing  advised  by  you  for 
the  Codling  Moth  ought  to  exterminate  the  scale  as  far 
as  it  goes. 

BE  THOROUGH. 

The  scale  should  be  destroyed  in  some  way,  for  the 
tree  infested  by  it  can  not  thrive.  The  trunk  and  iirtbs, 
as  far  as  accessible,  should  be  thoroughly  cleaned.  All 
trimmings  should  be  burned  as  soon  as  possible.  If  the 
trees  are  yet  young  it  might  pay  to  cut  them  back  so  that 
every  part  could  be  reached,  even  if  the  fruit  be  lost  for 
a  season.  Repeat  the  application  after  a  few  days,  to 
destroy  late  hatched  insects  or  those  overlooked  the  first 
time. 

THE  ORANGE  AND  LEMON  SCALES 

Belong  to  several  genera,  Aspidiotus,  Lecanium,  etc. 
Their  development  is,  in  a  general  way,  similar  to  that 
of  the  apple  scale.  Their  presence  must  be  recognized, 
and  they  must  be  fought,  if  our  orange  growers  hope  for 
the  highest  success.  The  remedies  already  given  above 
are  good,  if  faithfully  applied  at  the  right  time.  I  have 
neither  time  or  space  to  pursue  this  subject  further  at 
this  time. 

If  by  your  efforts  you  can  rouse  our  fruit  growers  to 
the  study  of  the  insect  enemies  that  are  causing  them  so 


-    28    - 

much  loss,  and  persuade  them  to   take  active  measures 
to  subdue  them,  you  will  "  deserve  well  of  your  country." 
Wishing  you  all  success  in  your  efforts,  I  remain, 
Yours  truly, 

C.  H.  DWINELLE. 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA,          (^ 
BERKELEY,  Nov.  i5th,  1879.  ) 

Any  person  interested  can  have  a  package  of  the  Cod- 
ling Moth  Wash,  free  of  cost,  to  experiment  on  the 
scale  insect  or  Codling  Moth,  by  applying  to  Messrs. 
Hutchings  &  Co.,  517  Front  street,  San  Francisco,  by 
letter  or  otherwise.  All  persons  having  any  wash  or 
remedy  for  this  pest,  by  sending  us  a  package,  we  will 
have  it  thoroughly  tested  and  report  results.  We  have 
nothing  of  the  kind  to  sell ;  only  wish  to  find  the  best. 

COOKE  &  SON, 
Proprietors  Pioneer  Box  Factory, 

SACRAMENTO. 
SACRAMENTO,  Nov.  20,  1879. 

NOTE.— We  have  avoided,  as  much  as  possible,  mentioning 
names  and  localities—also  results  of  experiments— but  have  in 
our  possession  abundant  proof  of  the  merits  of  the  remedies 
recommended.  Any  information  in  our  possession  will  be  freely 
given  to  any  person  applying  by  letter  or  otherwise.  C.  &  S.  • 


TOWLEBROS1CO., 

HEADQUARTERS   AND   OFFICE   AT 

DUTCH  FLAT,  PLACER  COUNTY, 

MANUFACTURERS   OF   AND  DEALERS  IN 

Sugar  Pine,  Yellow  Pine,  Spruce  and  Fir 


El 

MOULDINGS  and  BUILDING  LUMBER, 

Of  Every  Description. 


HEAVY  MINING  TIMBER  A  SPECIALTY. 


THE  COMPANY  MANUFACTUKES 

JOIST,  SCANTLING,  FLOORING,  EUSTIC,  CEILING, 
LATHS,  PICKETS,  SHINGLES,  SHAKES,  ETC. 


The  Yard  is  located  on  the  C.  P.  K.  E.,  near  Alta,  in  Placer 

County,   and  connecting  with  the   mills   by  their 

narrow-guage   railroad,   affords   the  best 

facilities  for  rapid  transportation. 

Orders  Tor  any  quantity  and  every  character  of 
MOUNTAIN  LUMBER  promptly  filled. 

An  experience  of  twenty  years  has  given  the  firm  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  business,  and  the  wants  of  consumers. 
Correspondence  Solicit 


RETAII^YARDS, 

NEWCASTLE,      -     -     -     Placer  County. 
WHEATLAND,  Yuba  County. 


-  3°  - 


NOTICE! 


All  persons  take  notice  that  we— 


Proprietors  of  the 

Pioneer  Box  Factory, 

SACRAMENTO  CITY,  GAL, 
Warn  all  persons  from  using  or  making  any 

FRUIT  BOXES  OR  CRATES 

That  in  any  way  infringe  on  our  patent  issued 
Nov.  26th,  1878,  No.  210,241,  as  we  will 
prosecute  any  person  that  makes  or  uses  the 
same.  [See  next  page.] 

MATTHEW  COOKE. 
ROBERT  J.  COOKE. 

SACRAMENTO,  Aug.  1st,  1879. 


CHALLENGE  FRUIT  CRATE, 


COOKE  &  SON,  Patentees. 

A.  Slanted  wall  and  shoulder  where  false  bottom  rests  in  com- 
bination with  slot  in  opposite  end.  Dotted  line  represents  false 
bottom  being  put  in  place. 


Corner  of  Front  and  M  streets,  Sacramento. 
COOKE  A  SON,    .......    Proprietors. 

All  kinds  of  Fruit  and  Packing  Boxes  made  to  order  or  in  Shocks. 

CHALLENGE  BOX  FASTENER, 


COOKE  &  SON,  Patentees. 


V.  Represents  cover  fastened  on  box.  B.  Gleet  on  cover  with 
~1  r,  C  and  pip  on  fastening.  D.  Dotted  line  represents  fastening 
when  not  in  use. 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


AN     INITIAL    FINE    OF    25    CENTS 

WILL  BE  ASSESSED  FOR  FAILURE  TO  RETURN 
THIS  BOOK  ON  THE  DATE  DUE.  THE  PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  SO  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
DAY  AND  TO  $1.OO  ON  THE  SEVENTH  DAY 
OVERDUE. 


FEB  i  o  1336 
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